Map by UNEP WCMC from data by WPDA as of Oct 2013
The map shows 2.8% of our Earth's ocean are MPA. (Dark blue areas) Most of the MPA are erected with interest of protecting natural environments, its surrounding water and the flora and fauna living in the ecosystem.
Even with notable success of MPA, for example, tripling of European lobsters in 2010 since the establishment of MPAs in Norwegian Coast in 2006
(Huserbraten, et al., 2013), 5 times more great scallops in protected areas of the Isle of man
(Beukers-Stewart, Vause, Mosley, Rossetti, & Brand, 2005), the effectiveness of MPA is often argued.
For one, MPA, unlike fortress conservation, are not all no-fishing zones or no-man zones. Instead, most of the MPA just limits the area for consumption fishing, recreational activities and research. How effective is law and policy in managing commercial fishing when man is still allowed on such waters?
Unlike nature conservation, it is not possible to exclude man from sea. The sea is connected and damage to one area will spread to the other. There are no "safe" places in the sea, the sea is one entity by itself and pollution will find its way to every nook and cranny of the sea.
Even with notable success of MPA, for example, tripling of European lobsters in 2010 since the establishment of MPAs in Norwegian Coast in 2006
(Huserbraten, et al., 2013), 5 times more great scallops in protected areas of the Isle of man
(Beukers-Stewart, Vause, Mosley, Rossetti, & Brand, 2005), the effectiveness of MPA is often argued.
For one, MPA, unlike fortress conservation, are not all no-fishing zones or no-man zones. Instead, most of the MPA just limits the area for consumption fishing, recreational activities and research. How effective is law and policy in managing commercial fishing when man is still allowed on such waters?
Unlike nature conservation, it is not possible to exclude man from sea. The sea is connected and damage to one area will spread to the other. There are no "safe" places in the sea, the sea is one entity by itself and pollution will find its way to every nook and cranny of the sea.
Photo by www.seafriends.org.nz
Literature Cited
Beukers-Stewart,
B. D., Vause, B. J., Mosley, M. W., Rossetti, H. L., & Brand, A. R.
(2005). Benefits of closed area protection for a population. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 189-204.
Huserbraten, M.
B., Moland, E., Knutsen, H., Olsen, E. M., Andre, C., & Stenseth, N. C.
(2013). Conservation, Spillover and Gene Flow within a Network. PLOS ONE,
1-10.
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